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	SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 27
J. F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould	The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution
	SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1970

J. F. Eisenberg, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Edwin Gould, Department of Mental Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Last addition to the online version made June 13, 2005.

Contents

• Introduction pp. 1-7
  • Itineraries and Field Methods in Madagascar
  • Captive Studies
• The Island of Madagascar and its Mammalian Fauna pp. 8-16
  • Madagascar: Historical Review and Current Status of Habitats
  • The Mammalian Fauna of Madagascar
  • The Rainforest and Plateau
  • The Madagascar Fauna in Perspective
• Some Negative Influences on the Numbers and Distribution of the Tenrecidae
  • Predators and Competitors of the Tenrecidae
    • Competitors
    • Predators
      • Snakes
      • Raptorial Birds
      • Native Carnivores
      • Domestic Dogs and Cats
      • Summary of Predation Studies
  • Parasites and Diseases of the Tenrecidae
    • Disease Problems in the Captive Colony
• A Survey of the Oryzorictinae
  • The Aquatic Syndrome - Limnogale Major, 1896a
    • Sex Criteria
    • Distribution and Abundance
    • Habitat and Home
    • Foods
    • Reproduction
    • Notes Concerning Behavior
  • The Fossorial Syndrome - Oryzorictes A. Grandidier, 1870
    • Distribution
    • Habitat
  • The Genus Geogale
  • The Genus Microgale Thomas, 1883
  • Sympatric and Allopatric Considerations
• Microgale dobsoni
  • Physical Description
  • Distribution and Habitat
  • The Annual Cycle, Reproduction, and Thermoregulation
  • Feeding Habits
  • Ethological Studies
  • General Maintenance Behavior
  • Social Behavior
  • Discussion
  • Parental Care Behavior
  • Ontogeny of Behavior
  • Social Organization
• Other Species of Microgale
  • Microgale talazaci
    • Physical Description
    • Distribution and Habitat
    • The Annual Cycle, Reproduction, and Thermoregulation
    • Feeding Habits
    • Ethological Studies
      • General Maintenance Behavior
      • Social Behavior
  • Microgale cowani
    • Physical Description
    • Distribution and Habitat
    • General Remarks on Behavior
• Setifer setosus
  • An Introduction to the Tenrecinae
  • Setifer ( = Ericulus) setosus (Froriep, 1806)
    • Physical Description
    • Distribution and Habitat
    • Burrows
    • The Annual Cycle and Reproduction
    • Activity and Thermoregulation
    • Feeding Habits
    • Ethological Studies
      • General Maintenance Behavior
      • Social Behavior
      • Parental Care Behavior
      • Ontogeny of Behavior
      • Social Organization
• Echinops telfairi (Martin, 1838)
  • Physical Description
  • Distribution and Habitat
  • Activity and Thermoregulation
  • The Annual Cycle and Reproduction
  • Feeding Habits
  • Ethological Studies
    • General Maintenance Behavior
    • Social Behavior
    • Parental Care
    • Ontogeny of Behavior
    • Social Organization
• Tenrec ( = Centetes) ecaudatus (Lacepede, 1799)
  • Physical Description
  • Distribution and Habitat
  • Burrows
  • Activity Patterns
  • The Annual Cycle, Thermoregulation, and Reproduction
  • Feeding Habits
  • Ethological Studies
    • General Maintenance Behavior
    • Social Behavior
    • Parental Care
    • Ontogeny of Behavior
    • Stridulation and Communication
    • Social Organization
• The Ecology of Hemicentetes (Mivart, 1871) pp. 78-89
  • Introduction
  • H. nigriceps - General Ecology
    • Physical Description
    • Distribution and Habitat
    • Burrows and Microhabitat
    • Activity and Thermoregulation
    • The Annual Cycle and Reproduction
    • Feeding and Food Intake
      • Earthworm Behavior and Ecology
      • Food Consumption
  • H. semispinosus - General Ecology
    • Physical Description
    • Distribution and Habitat
    • Burrows and Microhabitat
    • Activity and Thermoregulation
    • The Annual Cycle and Reproduction
    • Feeding and Food Intake
• The Ethology of Hemicentetes
  • General Maintenance Behavior
  • Social Behavior
  • Parental Care Behavior
  • Ontogeny of Behavior
  • Social Organization
• Stridulation in Hemicentetes
  • The Phenomenon of Stridulation
    • Introduction
    • The Motivational Basis for Stridulation
    • Light Intensity and Crest Erection
    • Arousal and Stridulation
    • Sound Intensity and Crest Erection
    • Stridulation and Circumstances of Occurrence
  • The Playback Experiments
    • Introduction
    • Preliminary Tests
    • The Orientation Test
  • The Role of the Mother's Stridulation in Nature
  • Other Functions of Stridulation
• Comparisons and Extensions
  • Evolutionary Trends Among the Tenrecidae
  • A Comparison of Behavior Categories
  • The Insectivora: A Consideration of Evolutionary Limits
  • Configurations in Space and Time
• Literature Cited pp. 124-126
• Appendix A: List of Specimen Sightings and Collections
• Appendix B: Collecting Localities and Study Areas
• Appendix C: Thermoregulation Techniques and Criteria
• Appendix D: Encounter Technqiues and Open Field Tests
• Appendix E: Speed Tests
• Appendix F: Activity Measurements
• Appendix G: Predator Odor Tests
• Appendix H: Sound Recording and Playback Techniques
• Appendix I: Care and Maintenance of Captive Tenrecidae
• Index

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